You can have advance or retard (can we still say that?) ground into the cam when it is manufactured so, whatever the customer wants. From there you can install the cam straight-up (to match the camshaft's ground-in centerline specs) OR advance OR retard it with bushings or keys.
Or if a cam is a little rank for the application it can be advanced to favour low-speed torque over top-end power.
But to answer your question, if someone had to change the cam timing by say 8 degrees or more to get it to work close to properly, it likely wasn't the right cam for the application in the first place. Normally a single in-block cam will take 4-6 degrees.
There is more than cam timing in play here for good performance, so it isn't a question with a straight answer.
I've seen the Gen IIIs retarded by 10 degrees or more (which is huge), right from the factory. This is with the dots perfectly lined up between the Cam and Crank. These engines made poor power and were more than a little hard on fuel.
First find TRUE T.D.C. and THEN use a degree wheel and pointer to be absolutely sure the cam timing is right.
Many engines used retarded cams to meet emissions.