Having too much refrigerant in the system will make it difficult for the refrigerant to change state and transfer heat. You're actually lucky you didn't "slug" the compressor. Basically taking a glob of oil into the compressor, think of it as pouring water into one of your truck's cylinders. Both have bad results.
A better question is how did it become over charged? Have you had any part of the A/C serviced recently? I've never heard of a system gaining charge on its own, losing yes but not gaining.